This character is accompanied by positioning and only causes superficial edema

This character is accompanied by positioning and only causes superficial edema
What is phlebitis. Phlebitis. What treatment should be prohibited for phlebitis

This is a venous disease with inflammation of the blood vessel walls. The disease is mainly related to the area of ​​the lower extremities-phlebitis, the symptoms that appear in this case appear in the context of varicose veins related to the patient.

It is worth noting that phlebitis usually coexists with concurrent diseases, especially thrombosis with the development of thrombophlebitis. In this variant, it is inflammation of the veins, the process of which is accompanied by the appearance of blood clots. Thrombophlebitis is the most dangerous of the listed diseases, and the particularity of its inherent complications can be explained. This means the possibility of the thrombus being separated and subsequently moving along the blood vessel. In turn, this can lead to pulmonary artery blockage, which inevitably leads to death due to the occurrence of pulmonary embolism. The development of thrombophlebitis determines the influence of two main factors. These two factors include the inherent viscosity increase in the blood and the appearance of bass in the blood vessel wall. These factors in turn determine that we need a comprehensive approach to treat the disease.

In most cases, they are isolated as the cause of phlebitis and thrombophlebitis. In addition, certain factors also play an important role, including overweight, lack of physical activity (conditions caused by lack of physical activity), standing time and the duration of constipation, and the chronic form of the disease course.

Allergic phlebitis is characterized by a benign chronic course. Painful phlebitis progresses in an acute form and is accompanied by the severity of painful manifestations. It cannot be ruled out that thrombophlebitis is accompanied by venous infectious disease or its injury, which means that thrombophlebitis violates the integrity of its blood vessel wall. Among them are the superficial venous processes of the lower and upper extremities, with arterial lesions in this form of disease. The course of the disease is characterized by the course of the disease, and the disease usually recurs.

In addition to the options listed, the inflammatory process is also characterized by a varying degree of positioning relative to the vessel wall. The disease occurs mainly due to the spread of inflammation outside the tissues surrounding the vein.
If there is inflammation from both the inside and outside of the venous sheath, the diagnosis is panphlebitis. Purulent destruction of blood clots occurs, and infection spreads through blood vessels through blood vessels, that is, blood infections occur. The most common variant of the course of thrombophlebitis is that it is concentrated in the lower extremity area. We will introduce it in more detail here.
The main manifestations of thrombophlebitis in the area under consideration include severe pain in the calf muscles and pain when trying to squeeze the muscles with your hands. In addition, there are redness and swelling, which are not only related to the legs, but also to the area under the eyes. The severity of the symptoms of thrombophlebitis is determined by the progression of the disease and the specific location of thrombosis. In terms of its inherent symptoms, it does not allow this disease to be confused with other diseases at all. Usually in the form of varicose veins, the onset of the disease is recorded with the existing history of the patient's disease. The most common thrombophlebitis of this type is in the area of ​​the great saphenous vein. In this case, the main symptom is severe pain, which occurs where the vein is located. In addition, the patient's body temperature will rise (from 39 degrees or higher). Frequently notice the increase in lymph nodes. The place where the vein shown passes is characterized by redness and swelling of the skin. When the vein is probed, it can be determined that it is in a swollen and hardened state, and the probe itself can cause a painful sensation.

If deep vein thrombophlebitis develops, the symptoms are especially related to the calf, then they are already a determinant of the area of ​​thrombosis and its inherent size.
It is characterized by obvious attacks, accompanied by severe pain concentrated in the gastrocnemius muscle, in addition to a feeling of swelling. When you try to lower your leg, the pain will increase. The patient has a fever, the legs are swollen from the lower part of the designated area, and the skin appears typical of purple. Two days later, the entire network of swollen veins appeared in the lower body, and it was still painful to detect the affected muscles. When the calf is compressed from the front and back, the patient feels pain again. This phenomenon is defined as a symptom. It is worth noting that the pressure on the left and right sides will not cause this painful feeling.

In this case, the symptoms are not so obvious, and the symptoms are milder for the patient. Therefore, the inner surface area of ​​the femur may cause soreness. In addition, the skin in the designated area is swollen and red, and swelling of the great saphenous vein is observed.

It includes symptoms in the form of acute pain in the legs, although it is blue and very swollen. The patient also has fever and increased body temperature. In the upper thigh area, such as the groin, swollen superficial veins have been identified.

Severe symptoms are accompanied by thrombophlebitis of the main vein and thigh. If the thrombus is not completely blocked by the venous cavity, the patient will feel less painful, concentrated in the bone and lower back area, including the side of the lower abdomen. In addition, there were also complaints about deterioration in health, with a slight increase in body temperature. If the thrombus in a given vein is not attached to its wall, thromboembolism may develop, which will be the only symptom indicating thrombophlebitis.
As the blood clot completely closes the venous cavity, the symptoms of thrombophlebitis manifest as acute pain in the groin. The legs began to swell and the tumor spread to the groin, buttocks and front abdominal wall.
Initially, the swelling feels loose to the touch, but as the disease progresses, it hardens. The skin of the affected area turns purple or turns white on the contrary, in addition, in its background, veins appear in a clear manner. Temperature rise (about 40-40 degrees), fever. The patient is very weak, he does not want to move, and there are signs that the body will self-poison.
As in other conditions, symptoms depend on the exact location of the blood clot and the degree of vein blockage. Moreover, if the symptoms of deep vein thrombophlebitis are very obvious, which leads to a certain alertness of the patient and just forced to take treatment measures, then the painful symptoms of deep vein thrombosis will be very small, slightly blue and swollen .
The general reaction of the body, even if manifested, is trivial, accompanied by mild body temperature, weakness and discomfort. Usually, this disease focuses on the calf and develops in bed-rested patients. Although you can see that although the clinic for deep thrombosis is worn out, deep vein thrombosis often ruptures, causing pulmonary embolism. It is worth noting that in the case of deep thrombosis, the development of this disease is much higher than the incidence of superficial thrombophlebitis. Thromboembolism in the pulmonary artery involves the local detachment of the thrombus from the vein and then transfers to the pulmonary artery through the blood stream. Depending on the inherent size of the thrombus, thromboembolism may occur at lightning speed, and death occurs within half an hour. If the size of the thrombus is small, death will not happen soon. First, there are large-scale circulatory and respiratory diseases, which require resuscitation. Thromboembolism affects the branches of the pulmonary artery and develops into chronic heart failure and pneumonia.

Like venous thrombophlebitis, the treatment of phlebitis must be carried out one by one. For this, a whole set of measures must be used: hand rheumatism, phytotherapy and reflexology, various forms of physical therapy, etc. The treatment of thrombophlebitis involves the need to wear elastic bandages and compression suits. For superficial vein phlebitis, treatment can be performed on the basis of outpatients, but other positioning methods are also very important, and patients need to be hospitalized. In particular, this therapy provides complete rest and is in an elevated position. Drugs are prescribed that provide nutrition to the vein walls and help reduce blood viscosity levels. In addition, anti-inflammatory treatments are carried out on a general and local level. If phlebitis or thrombophlebitis is suspected, a phlebologist must be contacted to diagnose and prescribe appropriate treatment. Many of them pose a threat not only to health, but also to the lives of patients. One of these diseases is phlebitis, which is accompanied by inflammation of the walls of the veins, leading to their gradual destruction. The inflammatory process can occur in veins in the arms, legs, and other parts of the body, but phlebitis of the lower extremities is more common. As the disease progresses, it is accompanied by vascular thrombosis and thrombophlebitis. It is this dangerous disease that can cause the blood clot to separate, and the blood clot enters the pulmonary artery with the bloodstream and causes (pulmonary embolism). This life-threatening condition causes the death of nearly 31% of patients.
In our article, we will familiarize you with the causes, types, forms, symptoms, complications, diagnosis, treatment and prevention methods of phlebitis. With this information, you can find out and start treatment in time, which will help you avoid serious complications. Varicose veins are one of the most common causes of phlebitis. Various factors can cause inflammation of the vein wall. In most cases, phlebitis is caused by infection of the blood vessel wall.
Usually, the walls of the blood vessels become inflamed due to mechanical damage to the venous blood vessels. This type of phlebitis may be caused by puncturing the vein during blood sampling or intravenous injection, introducing certain aggressive drugs or chemical burns to the vein after trauma.
In some cases, phlebitis is caused by allergic reactions caused by ingesting allergens in the body. Moreover, the disease may become one of postpartum complications due to prolonged stagnation of blood in the lower body.
For a long time, it may be asymptomatic and only manifests when the condition gets worse. Both internal and external veins are involved in the inflammatory process.

It is caused by chemical irritation of the vein wall, injection of drugs or mechanical damage.
It occurs frequently after childbirth, is acute, and is accompanied by severe pain. Long-term inflammation of leg veins is more common in young people. It progresses with recurrence and may be accompanied by inflammation spreading to the arterial wall.

It is accompanied by the formation of swelling of the skin and the severity of the back volume of the penis. It is caused by the complex process of abdominal inflammation (appendicitis, liver abscess, peptic ulcer disease, genital purulent inflammation, dysentery, neonatal umbilical vein purulent infection, etc.). Often fatal.
The clinical conditions of phlebitis are very diverse, depending on the form and type of disease.
This form of phlebitis is usually accompanied by damage to the superficial veins of the lower extremities or caused by complications after injection. The acute phase of the disease is often accompanied by severe weakness, fever and dizziness. In chronic superficial phlebitis, the symptoms are not so obvious and only appear when the disease gets worse. During remission, the patient may experience unreasonable weakness and a slight increase in body temperature. This form of phlebitis is usually accompanied by damage to the deep veins of the lower extremities.

Generally, acute phlebitis of deep veins is complicated. In the chronic course of this disease, the above symptoms appear during the worsening period.
In most cases, the disease responds well to treatment without a trace. As scar complications develop, the penis may remain edema forever. Confusion, sleep disorders, fainting, language disorders, etc.
Cervical spondylitis often becomes the cause of death, and as the disease turns into a chronic form, patients develop renal failure and liver failure. The separation of thrombophlebitis and blood clots can threaten the health and life of patients.
Generally, the diagnosis of superficial and deep vein phlebitis is not difficult. Based on the patient’s main complaint and examination of the affected veins, the phlebologist can identify the disease, but to determine other forms and types of venous inflammation and rule out complications, the patient will be thoroughly examined. Superficial vein phlebitis can be treated in an outpatient clinic, but for other forms of disease, hospitalization is required. Provide peace to the patient (raise the limb if it is affected).
For the treatment of phlebitis, patients need to receive conservative treatment, including medication, physical therapy techniques and compliance with certain rules. With the development of non-purulent inflammation of the vein caused by catheter insertion or puncture, only painkillers are used. According to the form and severity of the disease, the choice, dosage and duration of use of the drug are determined respectively.
After the acute inflammation is eliminated, wear compression stockings.

For varicose veins, it is necessary to regularly perform preventive treatment of heparin ointment and compression stockings.
There is a risk of thrombophlebitis, blood counts must be regularly monitored and intake prevented.

This is an extremely unpleasant and dangerous disease. If not treated in time, it may lead to serious complications. It can develop in men and women of all ages and is caused by many different reasons. Our article will help you suspect its onset in time, and you will be able to consult a doctor in time to prescribe a treatment. This is a general term for several diseases that are caused by different reasons and affect different parts of the vein. However, if there is no proper treatment, they will all lead to a result-thrombophlebitis or can cause cardiac arrest. What is the cause of this disease? How to recognize it and start treatment on time so as not to have a sad ending? What are the preventive measures to prevent vein inflammation? We will try to answer all these questions in detail and clearly. What is phlebitis We all know that humans are divided into two main types-arteries and veins. In the former, blood gushes out of the heart under pressure, while in the latter, blood enters the heart more peacefully. It is precisely because the blood in the veins does not flow under pressure, their walls are thinner and more fragile than arteries, which can stretch and cause various discomforts, such as varicose veins and hemorrhoids. They then cause phlebitis. These are venous diseases whose walls are inflamed. The word is easy to understand. It is derived from the Greek word meaning. Inflammation of the walls is an unpleasant and quite dangerous thing. It is always accompanied by pain, people's mobility is reduced, and their athletic ability is impaired. In the late stage, thrombophlebitis will form, causing thrombosis to block the veins. The classification of local phlebitis is as described above, phlebitis is a general term for several venous diseases. In the location of the diseased blood vessel, phlebitis of the upper and lower limbs can be distinguished. The human vein is a hollow tubular structure whose wall is composed of three layers-the strongest exterior, the very fragile middle and interior. It is called endothelium, and its inflammation is endodermitis. As the outer layer becomes inflamed, the disease is diagnosed as peripheral phlebitis. If you remember to use it in Greek to indicate the distance from the center in free translation, it is easy to decipher and remember the term. If the middle layer becomes inflamed, the disease is called middle encephalitis. It means in Greek. Therefore, everything here is logical and understandable. In practice, phlebitis is rarely distinguished by inflammation of the venous sheath. This disease is usually called panphlebitis, which is general and multiple, but it indicates which of the three layers of the vein wall has priority disease. According to the etiological classification of diseases, there are various phlebitis according to the nature of the inflammatory process. These may be: necrotizing and destructive diseases (in certain infectious diseases); suppuration (allergic inflammation occurs); elimination (subject to hyperplasia); pain (a female’s leg is observed after childbirth); migration or wandering (when Blood clots passing through blood vessels are often associated with thrombophlebitis); jugular phlebitis (inflammation of the jugular vein).

Phlebitis can be named after the primary disease that causes the phlebitis process. Actinomyces syphilis and others.
This classification is very important for determining the correct treatment. Classification according to the nature of the disease process According to the location of the problematic blood vessels in the body, superficial phlebitis and deep phlebitis are distinguished. If the disease affects the blood vessels close to the surface of the body, high temperatures (redness, fever) will be observed on the skin at the site of the inflamed vein. Inflammation of deep veins is particularly dangerous because it places higher demands on diagnosis and treatment. Patients have edema and pale skin in areas with inflamed blood vessels, generally hyperthermia, weakness, and pain. If the patient is diagnosed with acute phlebitis of the lower limbs, all these signs can be well expressed. The image above shows the change in skin color along the problematic vein. If the disease has become chronic, there are almost no symptoms. At first glance, this is not that serious, but the hidden danger of chronic phlebitis is precisely because it looks healthy, so the patient does not have to see a doctor or receive treatment. At the same time, the disease has gradually transformed into a neglected form that is difficult to respond to drug treatments. Cause Phlebitis of the upper and lower extremities is caused by different reasons. In most cases, this leg disease is caused by varicose veins. Phlebitis will appear on the arm after the failure of intravenous injection or insufficient disinfection of the injection site. However, there are many common causes of inflammation in the vein walls of the upper and lower extremities. These include: blood vessel damage, including any form of burns; infectious diseases; high sensitivity of vein walls; allergic inflammation and some heart diseases; easy formation of blood clots; decreased immunity; blood clotting problems (acquired or hereditary).

In recent years, for varicose veins, a treatment method called sclerotherapy has been actively used. This is because the patient is caused by artificial phlebitis (not related to infection). In this case, inflammation will not occur. Sclerotherapy is almost painless and quite effective. On an outpatient basis, special drugs (and other drugs) that may cause blood vessel wall adhesion are injected into the patient’s vein problem area with a syringe. It will dissolve by itself within 5-6 months. The developmental mechanism of how true phlebitis occurs may be twofold. In some cases, the problem first appears in the vein, and then the inflammation spreads to the surrounding tissues. On the contrary, in other cases, a person is mainly an abscess of any body tissue, which subsequently affects the vein wall, that is, phlebitis develops into a complication of the underlying disease. The image below shows the inflamed ankle veins of varicose veins. Phlebitis caused by pathogenic microorganisms can be obtained in the following ways: viruses or microorganisms that have penetrated into the veins of the vein move with the bloodstream until they attach to a certain position on the wall. This mainly occurs where the vein is abnormal (dilation, etc.), but it can also occur where the vein is normal and perfectly healthy. Phlebitis, symptoms The general symptoms of the disease include: redness and soreness of veins or entire limbs; general malaise, weakness; skin discoloration at the inflammation site; temperature rise (local, sometimes general); tightening of the skin in the problem area; suffering With phlebitis of the lower extremities, symptoms of varicose veins (heavy legs, swelling, ulcers) may appear.

However, if cerebral phlebitis is observed, its symptoms and treatment methods will be different. As a result, patients complain of increased stress, headaches, dizziness, visual impairment, and perception of the world around them. Encephalomyelitis (peritoneal inflammation) also has slightly different symptoms, including: weakness; fever; vomiting and ascites; severe pain in the liver; yellowing of the skin; headache, chills, liver, splenomegaly; no urinary linear pulse hypotension; swelling of the limbs ; Bloating. If measures are not taken in time, this situation can lead to death of the patient. Diagnosis No matter where phlebitis occurs-in the arms, lower limbs or in the collar, the diagnosis includes: if there is no strict doctor in the local medical institution, the doctor or at least the therapist will perform the examination; recall the record; if an infectious disease is suspected, Perform general or extended blood counts; enable you to obtain all necessary information about veins anywhere in the body; intravenous Doppler ultrasound.
High temperature, dizziness, unconsciousness, acute heart failure, high blood pressure), because it is almost never complicated with thrombosis, it is necessary to treat phlebitis on the arm. The patient is required to rest, hoping to fix the problematic hand so that blood flow to the inflamed area does not increase. Considering the cause of the disease, the treatment is medication. Therefore, if the inflammation is caused by a viral infection, antiviral drugs should be prescribed and antibiotics should be prescribed to treat bacterial phlebitis. In any case, the patient is prescribed: anti-inflammatory drugs; drugs that strengthen the walls of veins and improve blood circulation (for example); topical ointments to reduce fever, redness, swelling and pain; blood thinners; analgesics. The frequency of diagnosis of vascular disease in patients is at least as high as that of other vital organ diseases. Phlebitis can cause vein failure. If you don't start treatment on time, you will ensure thrombophlebitis, pulmonary embolism, and cardiac arrest. What is phlebitis and how is it treated? Precaution. What is phlebitis and the difference with thrombophlebitis is to understand what is phlebitis, it is worth noting that this is a collective medical term. Inflammation of veins in legs, arms and other parts of the body. The lower limbs are the most vulnerable. Phlebitis is usually a secondary disease secondary to existing varicose veins and accompanied by inflammation of the veins of the lower extremities. Thrombophlebitis is a complication of blood clot formation in the context of venous inflammation. The danger is that the pulmonary artery is blocked, and the blood clot falls off when moving in the blood vessel, which can cause thromboembolism and death. The classification of phlebitis is based on the cause, location of the inflammatory process and surrounding blood vessels, in or outside the vein sheath. Phlebitis can be divided into several forms: peripheral phlebitis with damage to the outer sheath. If the lining of the vein becomes inflamed, endometritis occurs. Panphlebitis involving two veins (internal and external) during inflammation. According to different lesions, phlebitis can be divided into: deep vein; phlebitis. shallow. Pain, weakness, discomfort, fever, fever in the affected area; chronic exacerbation, acute form of phlebitis is not treated in time. The cause of inflammation of the lower limbs may be different. The main predisposing factor is varicose veins. In the case of no antibacterial treatment after injection, or in the case of failure of intravenous injection, infection of the site can cause hand phlebitis. Other causes that may cause inflammation and suppuration of the vein walls of the arms and legs: burns from any cause; hypersensitivity of the vein walls; cardiovascular system diseases; genetic factors prone to thrombotic allergy; immune system weakness; acquired, inherited blood Poor coagulation. In the acute course of phlebitis, inflammation of the veins is observed: redness, induration; tension in the affected area; skin congestion with a milky white tone; temperature rises to sub-febrile levels; red streaks appear at the inflamed blood vessel. It usually progresses during acute pathological deterioration or remission. The patient noticed the appearance of weakness, and there was no obvious reason for the increase in body temperature. With penile phlebitis, the affected area swells, thickens, and becomes painful. The penis is in a semi-erected state. Lack of treatment for phlebitis may cause symptoms-scarring of the penis and swelling for life. Although if treated promptly at the initial stage, the symptoms will disappear quickly. Signs of cerebral phlebitis or cerebrovascular inflammation fainted, language barrier, pressure fluctuation; headache. With encephalomyelitis, jugular vein inflammation can be observed, and symptoms of purulent poisoning: increased weakness; vomiting and diarrhea; jaundice; severe spastic pain in the right lower cartilage; liver colic, chills, and increased sweating.

Causes vomiting and ascites, spleen and liver enlargement, anuria, drop in blood pressure, swelling of limbs, abdominal distension and death. Because it quickly enters the chronic phase, it causes kidney (liver) failure.
Thromboembolism when the pulmonary artery lumen is separated or completely overlapped; vascular insufficiency, according to statistics, 91% of the cases cannot save the patient's life; thrombophlebitis and thrombosis in the inflamed area of ​​the blood vessel wall; caused by inflammation of adjacent tissues Abscess: Vascular disease caused by a violation of gas exchange and cessation of nutrient supply to tissues, resulting in vascular insufficiency.

In thrombophlebitis, blood clots separate and migrate through the body. It can cause obstruction, obstruction or venous insufficiency of the main vein of the affected limb, abscess, sepsis, necrosis, gangrene, stroke, and heart attack. Diagnosis and treatment are performed by a phlebologist. You can also consult a therapist or vascular surgeon. Generally, it is not difficult for doctors to detect inflammation of deep or superficial veins, because it is sufficient to visually inspect the affected area. In order to obtain detailed information about the condition of the vein, a double scan of the blood vessel is required. In order to make an accurate diagnosis-laboratory examination equipment selection: complete blood count; venography thromboelastography coagulation chart to determine the level of prothrombin index.

In most cases, the treatment of phlebitis begins with medication. The patient should be at rest, placed in the operating room, rested in bed and lying on the hillside, with the affected limb completely motionless. If phlebitis develops against the background of varicose veins, it may cause surgical problems. In addition, deep vein thrombosis surgery was performed, which endangered the patient's life. Emergency surgery for migratory phlebitis is to remove the affected inflamed vein. By introducing enzymes into venous blood vessels to dissolve thrombosis and prevent the development of thromboembolism, thrombolytic zone therapy is an innovative method to treat phlebitis. Deep vein phlebitis is a conservative treatment. The goal is to normalize the blood circulation in the inflamed limbs and prevent the patient from becoming disabled so that they can move and live a fulfilling life in the future. Medication-drug appointments with different drug groups: non-steroids (ibuprofen, ketoprofen) can relieve inflammation; (,, 601, ); local drugs (, heparin); normalize blood microcirculation in the veins Means of phlebitis (,,, ); blood thinning drugs (cardiovascular drugs, aspirin); antihistamines (,, ); antibiotics used in the infection process of phlebitis.

Usually, the injection of drugs is to thin and reduce blood viscosity, improve the nutrition of the vein wall, provide reflux and anti-inflammatory effects and normalize the blood microcirculation in the blood vessels. Thrombolytics can be prescribed as first aid (if thrombosis is detected). If conservative treatment fails to achieve the expected results, the following surgical methods can be selected according to the indications of phlebitis: laser intervention therapy; sclerotherapy cryosurgery cross resection for migration pathology. An innovative method of treating phlebitis could be an intravascular method that affects deep veins. For example, in Israel, the highest level of intravascular technology is used. It enables you to perform this type of surgery, reduces the possibility of phlebitis, and prevents the patient from becoming disabled. As an auxiliary option for patients exposed to phlebitis, gymnastics or simple therapeutic exercises can be performed to train the affected vein walls. Physical therapy, combined with drugs or plays an important role during the postoperative period: acupuncture; laser intravascular coagulation; use of fluorescent lamps for phototherapy; infrared radiation can relieve pain, improve the metabolism of the vein wall and blood circulation; magnetic therapy to accelerate capillary blood Flow, normalize the state of the blood vessel wall; drug acupuncture, a combination of three methods: Mesotherapy, acupuncture, and homeopathy; reflex therapy has an effect on nerve receptors. Iodine net is applied to the affected area to reduce swelling and pain; extracted from buckwheat or wormwood, compressed into gruel, and applied to the affected area.
If thrombophlebitis is detected, then water will help you well, suck away the congestion of venous blood, reduce blood clotting ability and eliminate vasospasm. In addition, in the treatment of phlebitis-folk remedies: squeezed from clove leaf juice, fern with yogurt or wormwood. Prevention If phlebitis is diagnosed, it is important to wear compression clothes to prevent inflammation. In addition: do more exercise to avoid the risk of thrombophlebitis; give up bad habits (smoking, alcoholism); enhance immunity; control blood tests; take antiplatelet drugs. Treat infectious diseases promptly and treat wounds and cuts with antiseptics, especially before injections. Phlebitis is a dangerous and provocative disease. It is inevitable to adopt untimely or unsuccessful treatment methods. Phlebitis is usually accompanied by the formation of blood clots in the lumen of blood vessels. In this case, the disease is called thrombophlebitis. Thrombophlebitis of the lower limbs is the most common. Phlebitis (thrombophlebitis) is caused by the introduction of microorganisms into the vein wall. Without the involvement of microorganisms, inflammation (allergic inflammation) is rarely observed. Phlebitis and thrombophlebitis can be caused by some reasons, whether it is local or general. These include: varicose veins; violation of venous circulation (venous stasis); damage to the vein wall or surrounding tissues; changes in blood chemistry, etc.
There are also gonorrhea, syphilis, actinomycetes and other phlebitis. Phlebitis usually occurs due to the transformation of the inflammatory process from any part nearby (inflammation, abscess, erysipelas, etc.). Another method of microbial penetration is blood-borne. Sometimes the bacteria are carried along with the infected blood clot. The direct cause of thrombosis and the occurrence of thrombophlebitis is the slowing of blood flow and increased blood clotting. In the occurrence of these diseases, the main effect belongs to the nervous system (vascular wall spasm and nutritional disorders occur under the influence of changes in the nervous system). Therefore, the state of blood and blood vessel walls is important for the lifelong formation of thrombus in the blood vessel lumen. Blood clotting almost always occurs when the walls of blood vessels (veins) are damaged. The increased amount of fibrinogen and the absorption of surgical wound infections promote the formation of postoperative thrombosis. Thrombophlebitis and phlebitis usually develop gradually, rarely (within a day) quickly. Because there are a large number of lymphatic vessels on its wall and the connection with surrounding tissues is closer, microorganisms are more likely to penetrate into the vein. The tissues around the veins are always involved in the inflammatory process, and this disease has often been called thrombophlebitis. Sometimes a blood clot appears in the vein first, followed by phlebitis. Distinguish simple phlebitis and purulent. When the inflammatory process is passed from the adjacent focal point to the vein, the tissue adjacent to the vein becomes inflamed first. The process then enters the vein wall. Failure of veins rather than adjacent arteries occurs because the veins are more closely connected to surrounding tissues and a larger network of small lymphatic vessels pass through their walls. In simple phlebitis, the vein wall is infiltrated and filled with serous fluid. Usually this is where the process ends and the reverse development begins. When infected with more toxic microorganisms or in other exacerbations, the process continues and inflammation will also cover the inner wall of the vein. The vein walls experience purulent infiltration and may even die. As a result of the change, the blood begins to clot and quickly forms a blood clot, which inevitably leads to thrombophlebitis. The result of this process is different. With mild illness, blood clots can dissolve. In other cases, they are organized, sometimes impregnated with lime salt, and remain in the vein in the form of so-called venous stones in phlebitis. With purulent inflammation, purulent infiltration of the vein wall and necrosis often occur. In this form of phlebitis, thrombus will always form and purulent fusion will occur. The purulent process can spread to surrounding tissues, causing the formation of sputum and abscesses. The biggest danger lies in the transfer and separation of infected blood clots and the formation of metastatic abscesses in various parts of the body. This blood clot entering the vital organs can cause serious and fatal complications (meningitis, pulmonary infarction, and subsequent septic pneumonia, etc.) ). In addition, as infectious agents continue to flow into the bloodstream, it may cause sepsis. Symptoms of thrombophlebitis and phlebitis. For simple superficial phlebitis, there will be slight swelling and soreness along the inflamed vein. Sometimes, there are red streaks in the veins of the skin, respectively. There is slight swelling of the limbs. The temperature rises. When a venous thrombosis forms, it will feel like a dense, painful rope. If deep phlebitis (thrombophlebitis) develops, there will be edema of the corresponding limbs and slight purple. Cold limbs are often observed, depending on the reflex spasm of the arteries. The patient first noticed the pain of muscle rupture, which intensified as the process progressed. Thrombophlebitis is more frequently observed in the veins of the lower extremities, which is related to blood circulation difficulties, especially in varicose veins. The individual location of thrombophlebitis is particularly important clinically. Therefore, it is usually necessary to encounter large deep vein thrombophlebitis, which occurs in the postpartum period and is related to the purulent process of the small pelvis. This thrombophlebitis is usually observed on the left side, which can be explained by the anatomical features of the left vein. At the same time, the limbs swelled sharply and the skin color became pale, so it is reasonable to call this disease white phlegm. This type of thrombophlebitis is difficult to treat. The inflammation gradually subsided, but the limb edema lasted for a long time, sometimes even for life. Also pay special attention to thrombophlebitis of facial veins, which develops due to facial purulent processes (, otitis media, erysipelas), sinus sinuses and lateral thrombosis. Severe diseases include hepatic portal vein thrombophlebitis, which is known to occur sometimes due to complications after destructive appendicitis. It is rare after dysentery and typhoid fever.
With the development of purulent thrombophlebitis, all clinical symptoms have increased sharply. The temperature rises to very high numbers (39-40°) and cold often occurs. Pain increased significantly. With leukocytosis, the white blood cell count moves to the left. Increased swelling of the limbs. Until recently, the main need to treat thrombophlebitis and phlebitis was the rest of the affected part of the body. At present, in the pathogenesis of diseases, the slowing of blood flow is very important. Therefore, it is more correct to use quantitative exercise. During venous exercise, thrombin accumulates less and platelet activation is less. Naturally, maneuvers should not be used in severe suppurative thrombophlebitis. Local heat is given to the inflamed vein area in the form of hot compress. Thrombophlebitis requires special attention, and is accompanied by severe general malaise, chills, elevated temperature, and obvious local phenomena. This situation reminds people of the purulent decomposition of blood clots, the possibility of septic embolism, and the progress of the process. In such patients, vein ligation should be performed centrally from the affected area. Therefore, for purulent thrombophlebitis of the leg veins, the great saphenous vein of the thigh should be ligated, and in particularly severe cases, the vein should even be ligated. For thrombophlebitis of facial veins, angle veins should be ligated. When the process spreads to the sinuses, the internal jugular vein can be ligated. At present, they increasingly treat thrombophlebitis through surgery. The most reasonable consideration should be to remove the affected blood vessel and thrombus.

Usually in the treatment of thrombophlebitis and thromboembolic diseases, the most important thing is to use drugs that reduce blood clotting (so-called anticoagulants). These include: heparin, etc. The explanation of its anticoagulant effect is that it inhibits the activity of plasma thromboplastin, delays the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin, thereby inhibiting the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. Heparin is administered intravenously. It can be injected under the skin and into the muscles, but the effect is much worse. Heparin is a direct acting anticoagulant. Indirect anticoagulants Houston Acres include digitalis, new rehmannia, and diphenhydramine. These drugs delay the formation of prothrombin in the liver. They are vitamin antagonists, so they are called anti-vitamins. The treatment time for thrombophlebitis is long: the absorption of thrombus lasts for 6 weeks or more. Anticoagulants also include salicylate and sulfonamide. Therefore, it is useful to use aspirin, which also has anti-inflammatory effects. To relieve pain and local effects, apply gel and ointment to the affected area. Their use simplifies the treatment of thrombophlebitis.

The drug can reduce inflammation and edema, prevent side effects of diseases, and promote the treatment of thrombophlebitis.
It prevents the simple form of thrombophlebitis from turning into purulent, and purulent promotes the localization of the process and prevents complications. But it is not recommended to use them in the early stages of the disease. Usually, pyogenic thrombophlebitis will prescribe antibiotics, which can damage the pulmonary arteries. When simple thrombophlebitis becomes purulent phlebitis, especially when an abscess is formed around the vein, an incision should be made to open the vein affected by the purulent process.
Multi-enzyme drugs are often used in combination with other drugs to speed up the treatment of thrombophlebitis. Such drugs include various active enzymes of animal and plant origin. The most popular drug in this group is wobenzine. It is a more expensive but more effective analog. The treatment of thrombophlebitis with multi-enzyme drugs depends on the patient's condition and the severity of the disease. The dosage and duration of treatment are determined by the attending physician. Usually these drugs are prescribed for prevention after childbirth.

The treatment of thrombophlebitis is accompanied by the use of analgesics to relieve pain and relieve inflammation.

Anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibufen, ketones, and diclofenac can also be used.

Part of the healing effect of water is due to the inhalation of stagnant venous blood. The main function is to release a substance through water-hydrogen, which enters the blood, causing its coagulability to decrease, eliminating vasospasm, and quickly absorbing swelling. The use of water for acute suppurative thrombophlebitis is not shown. When the acute inflammation subsides, mud therapy should be performed. The treatment of thrombophlebitis is complementary to compression and topical lotion. For these purposes, wormwood and fern with yogurt, clove leaf juice and Confrey ointment are suitable.

If the superficial veins of the lower extremities are affected by thrombophlebitis, a compression bandage can be used, which must be removed at night. If the deep veins of the lower extremities are affected, this method should not be used. Thrombophlebitis of the lower extremities requires mandatory so-called prescription drugs-drugs that enhance blood vessel tension and elasticity, and strengthen blood vessel walls. The aforementioned anticoagulants, analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, gels and ointments are also necessary. He considers overtreatment based on the severity of the disease and prescribes drugs and their dosages. In order to prevent the development of phlebitis and thrombophlebitis, it is necessary to exclude the invasion of infection and take medicines on time. If blood clotting increases, there is a risk of disease. Elastic bandages should be used to wrap the limbs in time.

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