High levels of bacterial infection in patients also increase definition

High levels of bacterial infection in patients also increase definition
Procalcitonin is a sign of bacterial infection It was accidentally discovered that in the case of bacterial infection, the blood concentration increases. This fact contributed to the fact that it started to be used as a sign of bacterial infection. By the end of the 1981, it was discovered that in thyroid cancer and some forms of lung cancer, the level increased with the increase. In 1993, a study by et al. proved the persistence of blood neutralization in burn patients. In addition, some patients with sepsis have higher levels, while the values ​​remain normal. The concentration in the blood is extremely low. In healthy people and donors, the level is determined to be 0.2. In viral infections, as part of the inflammatory response, the level increases slightly, rarely reaching 1. In severe bacterial infections, it can increase from 21 to 211. Such a high value makes it particularly suitable for the diagnosis and prognosis of bacterial infections.
Under normal conditions, the cells of the thyroid, lung, and liver are then cleaved into three molecules: calcitonin (33 amino acid residues), catalytic calcitonin (22 amino acid residues) and telopeptide (58 amino acid residues) ). During the infection, the uncut molecules are Cut Bank labyrinth released into the blood without increasing their levels. In contrast to intracellular molecules, molecules circulating in the blood are shortened by 2 amino acid residues and substantially correspond to the starting region of the molecule from the 2nd amino acid residue to the 117th amino acid residue.
However, patients undergoing thyroidectomy have higher levels of severe bacterial infections. In human monocytes, after stimulation with endotoxin in vitro, there is a specific, but the production level of this is low. Et al. showed that after stimulation with (tumor necrosis factor) or -6 (interleukin-6), human liver tissue will produce a large amount of. Intravenous administration of toxins in healthy volunteers also induced rapid synthesis. Moreover, the level has risen 3 hours after the introduction of the bacterial product, while the (reactive protein) only appears after 13-19 hours. Or -6 administration also caused the appearance of in the blood.

Like cytokines, they are also involved in osteolysis. According to et al., yes. Therefore, the administration of anti-antibodies to experimental animals infected with Escherichia has a short-term protective effect. Hypocalcemia in sepsis is caused by different mechanisms, but this phenomenon is not due to the existence of. For the benefit of the entire organism, the organism responds to any material attack through a general adaptive response. Severe inflammation, including infection, is characterized by changes in many biological indicators, especially the content of protein in the blood and the appearance of so-called acute-phase proteins. With the aggravation of systemic lupus erythematosus, other connective tissue diseases, rheumatism or inflammatory diseases of the digestive organs, the value always remains low compared with other inflammation markers (, -6). According to et al., in these patients, the level only rises in the case of bacterial infection. Therefore, it is possible to distinguish between the exacerbation of the underlying disease and the presence of repeated infections.

Numerous studies on heart, lung, or liver transplantation have shown that markers can be used to distinguish between rejection and super infection. This is a pure inflammatory response to surgery, or the phenomenon reflects the circulation of bacteria or toxins in the digestive system. However, in the absence of signs of infection progression, the value returned to normal to 1 and below in the next 2-3 days. Severe tissue damage can cause short-term increases in levels, such as after heart surgery and multiple injuries. At the same time, the dynamics of the level are as follows: in the first two days of the intervention or after admission, the level is very high, and then it drops rapidly. If there is no super infection, it will reach a level of no higher than 2 on days 5-7. At the same time, other acute phase proteins remained elevated. According to the data of people with severe burns in patients with severe burns, similar behaviors were found. As stated by et al., in all newborns with severe hypoxia, it is elevated, and if superinfection is not involved, it is normal. Therefore, in the absence of signs of bacterial infection, extensive tissue damage due to trauma or hypoxia can cause a temporary increase in procalcitonin levels. There is an increase in malaria, but the mechanism of this increase is different from that in bacterial infections. Even if the aggravation does not have neurological complications, the concentration can reach 21. It is found that -6, not -6, is the best initial and therapeutic effect indicator for severe malaria. According to the study of-et al., in Gabon, the high incidence of malaria is not conducive to the prognosis of life: patients with a concentration of more than 110 die from the brain complications of malaria.

The value after childbirth continues to increase to 11 until 25-37 hours (age), and then drops to 1 on the 5th day. The mechanism of this phenomenon is unclear; it is speculated that it is a response to colonization of digestive tract microorganisms. It is recommended to re-determine (after 13-25 hours) to rule out possible generalized bacterial infections.

It was immediately approved by doctors in intensive care work, which aims to quickly distinguish bacteria from other inflammatory reactions and evaluate the effect of treatment. The relationship with other markers in postoperative patients. The heterogeneity of patients, the systematic use of antibiotics, and the difficulty in identifying infectious complications make it difficult to interpret the results of the assay. Et al. showed a moderate increase in levels in every three patients after aseptic surgery, accompanied by minor damage to the collateral circulation, and every second after heart surgery and strong intervention. However, for infectious complications that occur after major surgery, the best markers are, not -6 and. A large number of studies have shown that definite diagnostic power: severe clinical cases increase rapidly or not decrease after 13-25 hours. According to the study by et al., it is not only a reliable diagnostic indicator of septic shock, but also a valuable prognostic parameter in the life of surgical patients: compared with -6 and, it is only reduced in surviving patients. For patients with acute pancreatitis, the level has been confirmed to be low in edema or toxic pancreatitis, and high in infectious pancreatitis. This is particularly valuable for monitoring such patients (for example, to determine the focus of secondary infections that require surgical intervention).
The threshold is rarely exceeded, but it may increase in end-stage adult patients with established infection priorities. We have shown that in focal infections (including patients with otitis media and lower respiratory tract infections), the level is still low, lower than the general form, with an average of 0.5-2. However, if the infection starts to spread to adjacent tissues and closed inflammatory lesions, the level will rise.

It is a good indicator for supplementing pathology clinical and biological research. Unlike all known markers of inflammation, the method is more sensitive to severe bacterial infections and highly specific. The advantage of this test is that it is suitable for emergency clinical situations (at the patient's bedside), monitoring patients in the intensive care unit, and as a prognostic indicator of the progress of the infection process. The test is characterized by high measurement accuracy, in the low range of 0.1 to 5, which is especially important for focal infections with signs of asepticemia. Although the exact function in the inflammatory response and cytokine cascade is still unknown, its clinical use has been highly estimated. Note the stability of the protein, its stability at room temperature and freezing conditions, its 25-hour constancy in plasma, and its ease of measurement. The speed of the test is recorded, which is important in emergency medical services. In recent years, testing has increasingly entered clinical practice and has obvious advantages compared with conventional testing. Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth: Updates and Clinical Implications